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    October 06

    作业

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        The  laws  of  libel  and  privacy  limit  what  reporters  may  write  . Stories
    that  damage   a  person’s  reputation  can  be  libelous, unless  the  material is
    privileged  or can  be  proved  to  be  true . Stories   about  an  individual’s  personal 
    life  can  invade  the  person’s  right  to  privacy.
        ·Libel:  Most  libelous  stories  are  the  result  of  careless   reporting  .
    Material   that  might  injure  someone  is  double-checked. The  courts  have made it 
    more  difficult  for  public  figures  or  public  officials  to  prove  libel;  but  recent 
    court  decisions  have  limited  these  exceptions.
        ·Privacy: The  right  to  privacy   is  protected  by  law. The  personal 
    activities  of  an  individual   can  be  reported  if  the  material  is  about  a 
    newsworthy  person  and  is  not  highly  offensive .
        One  of  the  most  dangerous  areas  for  the journalist  is  libel. To the 
    beginner , the  region  of libel  is  a  land  of  mystery  in  which  all  the  guideposts 
    read, “Don’t.”   To  the  experienced  reporter  ,  danger   of  libel   is  a  cautionary 
    presence  in  the  newsroom .
        Libel  is  published  defamation   of  character.  It  is  writing  or  pictures  that:
    ·Expose  a  person  to  hatred ,shame ,  disgrace, contempt  or  ridicule.
    ·Injure   a person’s  reputation   or  cause  the  person  to  be  shunned  or 
    avoided .
    ·Injure  the  person  in his  or  her  occupation.
    Of  course  , many  articles  and  pictures  do libel  individuals. In  most  cases,  the  defamatory  material  may  be  safe  for  publication  if  it  is  privileged. By  privileged ,we  mean  that  the  article  is  a  fair  and  accurate  report  of  a  judicial,  legislative  or  other  public   official  proceeding  or  of  anything  said   in the course  of  such   sessions  ,trials   of proceedings.  The  contents  of  most  public  records  are  privileged .  Those   who  made  our  laws  recognized  that  open  debate  of  serious  issues  would be  impeded  unless  the  public had  full   access  to  official  actions .
    Another  defense  against  libel  is  truth . No  matter  how  serious  the defamation  may  be  , if  the  statement  can  be  proved  to  be  true  and  to  have  been  made  without  malice ,the  defamed  individual   cannot  successfully  bring  legal  action.
    A  third  defense ,  fair  comment  and  criticism, most   often   involves  editorial  writers  and  reviewers .  As  long  as  the  comment  or  criticism  is  directed   at  the  work  and  not  at  the individual , the  writing  is  safe.
    In  summary  , the  libel  laws  hold  that  a reporter  is  not  in  danger  if  the  material   is  from  a privileged  proceeding  (Public  and  official )  or  if  the material is  substantially  accurate  or  constitutes   fair  comment .
    For  broadcast  journalists,  defamatory   statements  made  from  a  prepared  script  fall  under  libel ,  whereas   extemporaneous   defamatory  remarks  are   treated  as   slander,  which  is defined  as   oral  or  uttered   defamation. 
    Grounds  for   Libel  Suits
    Matter  that  might  be   held  libelous  by  a  court   would  have  to :
    Imply  commission  of  a  crime .
    Tend  to  injure  a  person  in  his  or  her  profession  or job.
    Imply  a person   has   a disease  ,  usually  a  loathsome  disease  that  might  lead  to  the  individual’s  ostracism .
    Damage   a  person’s  credit.
    Imply   unchaste  behavior.
    Indicate   a  lack  of  mental   capacity.
    Incite   public  ridicule  or  contempt .
    For  years  ,  libel  was  a  great  weight  on  the  shoulders of  the  press,
    particularly  for  newspapers  that  handled  controversy  and emphasized  investigative  reporting  . The  press   associations  had  special   concerns ,  for  libel  law  was  state  law  and  was  beyond  the  protection  of  the  Constitution.  What was  legal  in  one  state  might  have  been  libelous  in  another.
       
    In  effect , libel  laws  restrained  the   press, as  the  Supreme  Court  recognized  in  an  epochal   decision  in  1964  that  was  to lighten  the  burden  on  the  press. The  court  ruled  that  defamatory  statements  could have  First  Amendment  protection. Our  seven  danger  points  are  still  to  be  watched,  but  the  press  now has  much  stronger  defenses , thanks  to  the  Supreme  Court. To  understand  that  decision –and  to  understand  the  organic  nature  of  the  law—we  must  travel  back  in  time  to  Montgomery,  Ala.

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